How to Empower Employees Essay Example for Free

How to Empower Employees Essay In today’s marketplace it is more important than ever to implement employee empowerment policies in order to keep a competitive advantage. An empowered employee feels in control of their position, as well as a valued member of their organization. These employees have a sense of job enrichment which creates a more productive work environment for them, as well as their coworkers. Employee empowerment is a way to allot power in the company while raising productivity and creating job fulfillment in the organization. This helps to offer some valuable advantages to the organization and lowers the employee turnover rate (Korkmaz, 2012). There are many different ways a company can increase employee empowerment. A few important examples are by allowing for a large degree of autonomy, creating jobs with significance and areas for future advancement, giving and receiving employee feedback, and having a competitive benefit and compensation program for employees. These enrichment techniques will help to improve productivity, create higher employee morale, relieve some of the pressure on management, and help to recruit high-skilled individuals for employment (Gerhart, Hollenbeck, Noe, 2011). The most important technique with regards to employee enrichment is Autonomy, which is adding more freedom in the decision making ability an employee holds. This is a great way to empower an employee. Two examples of this would be giving an employee the ability to decide the best process for creating a project, rather than instructing them on definite steps to take. One may also receive the authority to handle customer complaints. These critical thinking practices will make an employee much more involved in their position, while helping to relieve management of the constant supervision of less important tasks (Hardrà © Reeve, 2009). Another effective method would be creating a position which conveys a sense of importance, as well as having the possibility for promotion. This is a great way to create a long lasting relationship with an employee, while also encouraging them to strive for future advancement. Stressing the importance of the job at hand will motivate the employee, while giving them a greater sense of pride in the position they hold. This could be demonstrated by getting the employee involved in the bigger picture of what a company is trying to accomplish (Gerhart et al, 2011). Another technique with regards to employee enrichment is giving and receiving employee feedback. This action helps to motivate the employee by constructing positive reinforcement on the favorable aspects of their performance. This aids in guiding the employee with direct future expectations and goals, while also verbally rewarding them for their positive characteristics. This is a very motivating, yet cost effective technique that will benefit both the employee and the company. By also allowing the employee to give feedback regarding management and production, the employee gains a feeling that their opinion is meaningful and beneficial to the operations of the company(Harms Roebuck, 2010). The last example for creating employee empowerment is to have a competitive benefit plan for employees. Along with some of the benefits included in a standard plan, some examples of benefits that empower employees could include letting an employee create their own schedule, giving extra time off for meeting certain requirements, and the ability to choose certain assignments over others. Other ways to empower employees through benefits would be to allow each member to pick and choose what benefits are right for them based on their specific lifestyles. (Gerhart et al, 2011). Empowering employees is an important aspect for any company. There are many enrichment techniques that can be implemented to improve productivity, raise employee morale, and recruit high skilled employees for future success. By applying these techniques, management gives their company the competitive advantage over the rest, while creating long lasting relationships with their employees. References Gerhart, B., Hollenbeck, J., Noe, R., Wright, P. (2011). Analyzing Work and Designing Jobs. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 95-116, 390-404. Hardrà ©, P. L., Reeve, J. (2009). Training corporate managers to adopt a more autonomy-supportive motivating style toward employees: an intervention study. International Journal Of Training Development, 13(3), 165-184. Harms, P. L., Roebuck, D. (2010). Teaching the Art and Craft of Giving and Receiving Feedback. Business Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 413-431. Korkmaz, O. (2012). Differences in Employees Perception of Employee Empowerment Practices. European Journal Of Social Science, 34(1), 43-57.

Choosing a Major Essay -- University College Education Essays

Choosing a Major Some people already know by the age of seven that they want to become a pilot or nurse; others, however, have more difficulties deciding what to do with their future. People who decided to go to a university or college have to make an important choice: what major are they going into? For many people this is a very difficult question. As the statistics show, one out of five students change their major between admission and the first day of classes. Nearly three out of four students change majors at least twice before they graduate. And three out of four college students express uncertainly about their major. These striking results raised some questions for me. Is it really necessary to choose a major? What influence has the choice of a specific major on the student and his or her education? What are the opportunities for the future? And how can these students be helped? Since I am still having trouble choosing a major myself, I decided to do some research on this topic and I hope it w ill help you a little bit to make the right choice. Before you start to think about a major, you might ask yourself why you should choose a major in the first place. There are several answers to this question. The first one is very simple: choosing a major is required by the university. Every college will request you to select an area of concentration, usually called a major. Each major has a set of requirements: number of courses, electives, and comprehensive examination. The general goal is to require the exploration and understanding of a body of material and of the techniques needed for mastery of that material. This is the university’s view on the requirement of a major. However, there are some other perspectives on t... ...y you have enthusiasm for and do well in,† is advice often given by employers. Lynn Cheney, former Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, agrees: â€Å"Students who follow their hearts in choosing majors will most likely end up laboring at what they love. They’re the ones who will put in the long hours and intense effort that achievement requires. And they’re the ones who will find the sense of purpose that underlies most human happiness.† Indeed, a major is required, but it will also influence your education and the perspective from which you will view the world around you. You don’t have to worry too much about your job opportunities, so choose a major you like. It will not only make your education more enjoyable, so you can get the best out of it, but it will also provide you with a more positive view of the world and make your life more pleasant.

Mad Shadows

Compare and contrast. The topic I have chosen to discuss is the function and meaning of dreams and dreaming in fantasy texts. Dreaming, in this context, is an implicit representation of the characters ideals and their wants. I believe the function of dreaming in fairy tales to be a temporary escape from ones reality, a reflection of ones true desires, as well as a tool that gives dimension to the characters, while at the same time allowing the reader to better understand the mind of the characters.This is demonstrated with the characters of Cinderella, in the different versions of Cinderella in the classic Fairy Tales, as well as with Isabelle Marie, in Mad Shadows. In Mad Shadows, the main character Isabelle Marie is deemed â€Å"ugly† by her mother, and for this reason is treated as virtually a slave and made to tend to the needs of her mother and more beautiful brother Patrice, who gets all of their mothers attention for being beautiful. Isabelle Marie then meets Michel, a blind boy with whom she falls in love with, and he with her on the pretense of her lying to him about being beautiful.During scenes where she is running around the meadow with him, temporarily escaping her life, she dreams of being beautiful and accepted by Michel. , almost to the point of delusion. â€Å"Wishing to be beautiful will probably make me beautiful, thought Isabelle Marie, to justify her game. † (p. 42. ), game being her deception of Michel. Her being beautiful would make her situation much different. Her mother would accept her, Michel would accept her, and so she believes her life would be easier and naturally much better would she be beautiful.Dreaming in these texts proves a temporary escape from the situations of these young girls who are in less than desirable positions. Another function of dreaming in these texts would be a reflection of the characters true desires, in this case a longing to be accepted and loved. Isabelle Marie does not feel loved and acce pted. Her mother Louise does not accept or love her daughter because she is not seen as beautiful as her brother Patrice. Michel, the boy she meets and falls in love with, falls in love with her because Isabelle Marie lies and tells him she is beautiful. She wanted to be in love, to be beautiful. Both of them were pure, for in [her] longed a desire for perfect beauty (p. 36). This demonstrates Isabelle Marie’s desperation to be accepted and loved. Both Cinderella and Isabelle Marie’s true desires are to be accepted and loved, one through meeting her prince charming, and the other through becoming physically beautiful. Lastly, dreaming serves as a functional tool in fantasy texts as a way of giving characters more dimension, as well as allowing the reader to comprehend the mind and actions of the characters.In Mad Shadows, the look we are given into Isabelle Marie’s wants allow us to understand why she acts certain ways that otherwise would seem evil and without purpose. When Louise goes on a trip and Isabelle Marie starves and taunts her brother Patrice to the point of illness, we understand why she feels the need to commit such acts: â€Å"By depriving him of food she could make him pale and wan, and this creature who had never known the touch of misery would become her puppet. † (p. 15). -concept of foreshadowing- Cinderella-

Essay on Far Beyond Everyday Superstitions - 1073 Words

Far Beyond Everyday Superstitions Each day my grandfather has an impulse to touch his shoulder, then his nose, and after these actions are accomplished he touches his ear. He does these actions each and every time he says hello to a human being. It is as if he is a coach on the third-base line signaling a runner to steal home. He doesn’t know why he does these actions; he just does. He has on obvious reason and trys not to do them, but each time they come back. My grandfather feels ashamed of his actions and does not want anyone to know of them. He has other impulses as well. He turns off light switches with his thumb, only his thumb. My grandfather was diagnosed with the Obsessive-Compulsive disorder twenty years ago. The†¦show more content†¦Americans need to become more aware of how it effects ones life, due to the surprisingly high number of people that have symptoms of it. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is seemed to be an inherited condition. Family combinations are very common. Such as: a daughter inheriting it from her mother, daughter from her father, and mother and son. Father-son combinations are most common (Dumont, 143). These combinations may share the same OCD or an entire different one, cases vary. It may appear at the same age or at a different one, again cases differ. The Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is hard to diagnosis. On average, people with OCD see three to four doctors and spend over 9 years seeking treatment before they receive a correct diagnosis. Studies have also found that it takes an average of 17 years from the time OCD begins for people to obtain appropriate treatment. (11/28, http://www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1010a.html). Since OCD is hard to diagnosis treatment is trial and error, or based on past patients. Many humans have superstitions, so how can one know what is only a superstition or a serious disorder? Psychologists are still wary about the biological circuits for this disorder. They believe a patient who has the disorder has lost one’s sense of truly knowing something. The loss of the circuits that control the sense of knowing and basic behaviors: safety, grooming, attack, etc. These circuits might not work for the victims ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cats Do NOT Cause Bad Luck1749 Words   |  7 Pages What is superstition? According to The Little Oxford Dictionary, superstition is belief in the existence or power of the supernatural; irrational fear of the unknown; a religion or practice based on such tendencies; widely held but wrong idea. Let us examine that definition in depth. First, there is belief in the existence or power of the supernatural. This means that there is believed to be some force that can influence the events on the Earth. Second, there is irration al fear of the unknownRead MoreAncestral Spirits : A Important Part Of Traditional Zulu Beliefs1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbring either good or bad omens to the current living Zulu. Offerings and sacrifices are made to the ancestral spirits with hopes of the spirits bringing them protection, good health, and happiness. Traditionally the Zulu associate anything that is beyond their understanding with magic. According to amadlozi all bad luck and illnesses are caused by ancestral spirits using magic and spells. Zulu who are believed to have received an illness or bad omens are immediately sent to the sangoma who is aRead MoreLi in Confucianism Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pageshuman agents and manifesting the civilized and cultured patterns of behavior developed through generations of human wisdom. Li embodied, for him, the ethical core of Chinese society. On the other hand, Confucius applied the term ritual to actions beyond the formal sacrifices and religious ceremonies to include social rituals: courtesies, accepted standards of behavior and social relationships. He saw these time-honored and traditional rituals as the basis of human civilization, and felt that onlyRead MoreOdyssey Archetype Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The usual hero adventure begins with someone from whom something has been taken, or who feels there is something lacking in the normal experience available or permitted to the members of society. The person then takes off an a series of adventures beyond the ordinary, either to recover what has been lost or to discover some life-giving elixir. Its usually a cycle, a coming and a returning.† This quote is quite relevant to Odysseus because he lost his wife for twenty years and while he was tryingRead MoreThe Odyssey Archetype998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The usual hero adventure begins with someone from whom something has been taken, or who feels there is something lacking in the normal experience available or permitted to the members of society. The person then takes off an a series of adventures beyond the ordinary, either to recover what has been lost or to discover some life-giving elixir. It s usually a cycle, a coming and a returning.† This quote is quite relevant pg 2 to Odysseus because he lost his wife for twenty years andRead MoreModels of Health1284 Words   |  6 Pagesunrealistic, and that including the word â€Å"complete† in the definition makes it highly unlikely that anyone would be healthy for a reasonable period of time. ÃÅ"stà ¼n Jakob. 2005 Although compared to the biomedical model of health the social model goes beyond purely physical health, the social model is socially constructed this means that it is time and place dependant and takes a more holistic view when it comes to health, this means that it takes the whole person and surroundings into account comparedRead MoreThe Role of the Roman Catholic Church During the Enlightenment1570 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod, the most influential and conservative institution of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church, was forced into direct confrontation with these changing ideals. The Church continued to insist that it was the only source of truth and that all who lived beyond its bounds were damned; it was painfully apparent to any reasonably educated person, however, that the majority of the world’s population were not Christians.2 In the wake of witch hunts, imperial conquest, and an intellectual revolution, the RomanRead More Nathaniel Hawthorne: No Ordinary Author Essay 3147 Words   |  13 Pagesdictating society is not only boring but dangerously ordinary.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthornes stories, like many Romantic stories, the characters are ordinary people with superstitious beliefs.   In Young Goodman Brown, Goodman Brown is an everyday Salem citizen.   He faces many of the problems tackled by other New England Puritans.   He has a lapse in faith and is posed with the dilemma of facing the devil.   According to the devil, though, he is not alone in his doubts.   I have a very generalRead MoreSikhism Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesnear Sultanpur. When he re-emerged, he announced that god was beyond outward religious distinctions and that what matter was to everyone to be a truly devout follower of his or her own faith. He is responsible for the saying There is no Hindu; there is no Muslim which has become one of the pillars of Sikhism. (Hopfe-189) He spent the rest of his life teaching, writing hymns which his muslim companion set to music, and traveling as far as Srilanka, Baghdad and Mecca to discuss r eligion with MuslimsRead MoreHilary Putnams Reason, Truth, and History: An Analysis3800 Words   |  15 Pagesthe side of those historical philosophers and contemporary religious apologists that suggest a legitimate divide exists between the body and what is considered the mind, she does nevertheless err because she begins from a position that assumes a far greater divide between the individual and the rest of existence, to the point that . By the end of her chapter on the mind and body Putnam does seem to realize that the problems she is pointing out are really problems with language, but she treats

Golden Lion Tamarin Facts

The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) is a small New World monkey. The tamarin is easily identified by the reddish gold hair that frames its hairless face like a lions mane. Also known as a golden marmoset, the golden lion tamarin is an endangered species. So far, the tamarins have been saved from extinction by captive breeding in zoos and reintroduction into their native habitat. However, the outlook for this species in the wild is grim. Fast Facts: Golden Lion Tamarin Scientific Name: Leontopithecus rosaliaCommon Names: Golden lion tamarin, golden marmosetBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 10 inchesWeight: 1.4 poundsLife Span: 15 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeastern BrazilPopulation: 3200Conservation Status: Endangered Description The most obvious characteristic of the golden lion tamarin is its colorful hair. The monkeys coat ranges from golden yellow to red-orange. The color comes from carotenoids—pigments in the animals food—and the reaction between sunlight and hair. The hair is longer around the monkeys hairless face, resembling a lions mane. The golden lion tamarin is the largest of callitrichine family, but its still a small monkey. An average adult is about 26 centimeters (10 inches) long and weighs about 620 grams (1.4 pounds). Males and females are the same size. Tamarins have long tails and fingers, and like other New World monkeys, the golden lion tamarin has claws rather than flat nails. New World monkeys, like the tamarin, use elongated fingers with claws to catch and eat prey. Steve Clancy Photography / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The golden lion tamarin has a tiny distribution range, restricted to 2 to 5 percent of its original habitat. It lives in three small areas of coastal rainforest in southeastern Brazil: Poà §o das Antas Biological Reserve, Fazenda Unià £o Biological Reserve, and tracts of land set aside for the Reintroduction Program. Golden lion tamarin range. Oona Rà ¤isà ¤nen IUCN   Diet Tamarins are omnivores that eat fruit, flowers, eggs, insects, and other small animals. The golden lion tamarin uses its elongated fingers and toes to catch and extract its prey. Early in the day, the monkey feeds on fruit. In the afternoon, it hunts for insects and vertebrates. The golden lion tamarin has a mutualistic relationship with nearly a hundred plants in the forest. The plants offer the tamarins food, and in return, the tamarins disperse seeds, helping regenerate the forest and maintaining genetic variability in the plants. Nocturnal predators hunt the tamarins when they are sleeping. Significant predators include snakes, owls, rats, and wild cats. Behavior Golden lion tamarins live in trees. During the day, they use their fingers, toes, and tails to travel from branch to branch in order to forage. At night, they sleep in tree hollows or dense vines. Each night, the monkeys use a different sleeping nest. Tamarins communicate using a variety of vocalizations. Reproductive males and females communicate using scent to mark territory and suppress reproduction of other troop members. When the dominant female dies, her mate leaves the group, and her daughter becomes the breeding female. Displaced males can enter a new group when another male leaves or by aggressively displacing one. Tamarin groups are highly territorial, defending themselves against other golden lion tamarins in their range. However, the practice of changing sleeping sites tends to prevent overlapping groups from interacting. Reproduction and Offspring Golden lion tamarins live together in groups of 2 to 8 members. A tamarin group is called a troop. Each troop has one breeding pair that mates during the rainy season—usually between September and March. Gestation lasts four and a half months. The female usually gives birth to twins, but can have anywhere from 1 to 4 infants. Golden lion tamarins are born with fur and with their eyes open. All members of the troop carry and care for the infants, while the mother only takes them for nursing. The babies are weaned at three months of age. Females become sexually mature at 18 months, while males mature at 2 years of age. In the wild, most golden lion tamarins live about 8 years, but the monkeys live 15 years in captivity. Conservation Status In 1969, there were only about 150 golden lion tamarins worldwide. In 1984, the World Wildlife Fund for Nature and National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. started a reintroduction program that involved 140 zoos around the world. However, threats to the species were so severe that the tamarin was listed as critically endangered in 1996, with a total of 400 individuals in the wild. Today, the golden lion tamarin is categorized as endangered on the IUCN Red List, but its population is stable. An assessment in 2008 estimated there were 1,000 mature adults and 3,200 individuals of all ages in the wild. Despite the success of the captive breeding and release program, the golden lion tamarins continue to face threats. The most significant is habitat loss and degradation from residential and commercial development, logging, farming, and ranching. Predators and poachers have learned to identify monkey sleeping sites, affecting the wild population. Golden lion tamarins also suffer from new diseases when they are translocated and from inbreeding depression. Sources Dietz, J.M.; Peres, C.A.; Pinder L. Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Am J Primatol 41(4): 289-305, 1997.Groves, C.P., Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 133, 2005. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B. de Oliveira, M.M. Leontopithecus rosalia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T11506A3287321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11506A3287321.enKleiman, D.G.; Hoage, R.J.; Green, K.M. The lion tamarins, Genus Leontopithecus. In: Mittermeier, R.A.; Coimbra-Filho, A.F.; da Fonseca, G.A.B., editors. Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Volume 2. Washington DC: World Wildlife Fund. pp. 299-347, 1988.

Leadership Theory Leadership Competency Model - 1429 Words

Three leadership models discussed take similar views on being an agent of change. The PCLCM, SLIM, and Systematic Change, all make is clear that preparedness for the change is most important. One cannot create change unless the community is ready for a change. There has to be an ownership with the followers of the change, and a responsibility of the leader to share the vision so that this ownership happens. A leader in these systems cannot be an overlord, but rather seeks to initiate change through collaboration and mentorship. Through these methods, change can be implemented. Principal Change Leadership Competency Model (PCLCM) Change models involve complex processes and in order to make sure that this change is successful there has to be a leader in places that has certain skill sets (Kin, Kareem, Nordin and Bing, 2014). The important aspects drawn from this model are that before initiating change, there has to be a recognition of a need for change. Then the change process has to be started and this can happen back setting a clear vision and creating a plan with which to implement this vision (Kim et. al, 2014). The second important aspect is preparing for change. Overcoming resistance to change is what happens at this stage and removing obstacles. Momentum develops towards the followers executing the change. The leader must be equipped with the necessary skills, and have the trust of the followers. The PCLCM model has four phases of change according to Kim et al.Show MoreRelatedThe Common Language Of Leadership By Corey Seelmiller And Thomas Murray1701 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose In the article titled, The Common Language of Leadership, by Corey Seelmiller and Thomas Murray, which can be found in the November 2013 edition of the Journal of Leadership Studies, the authors conducted qualitative research in an attempt to (a) define and understand the competencies needed by college students to engage in leadership in their respective career fields and (b) to use the research findings on leadership competencies in order to develop a program that will encompass all fieldsRead MoreLeadership Theory : Transformational And Transactional Leadership Theories1137 Words   |  5 Pagesthe course of research, various theories appeared in literature on situational leadership. In some instances, situational leadership is part of a broader theory and vice versa. Related theories include transformational and transactional leadership, contingency theory, path-goal theory, and personality theories. Life Cycle Theory was not included since situational leadership originated from Life Cycle Theory. Transformational and Transactional Leadership Theories According to McCleskey (2014), transformationalRead MoreMintzberg s Management Competency Theory1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmanager’s competency are increasing, while, what demand should successful managers have? Mintzberg used 10 job roles to describe a good manager’s work which are three information roles: monitor, disseminator and spokesperson, three interpersonal roles: figurehead, leader and liaison, and four decisional roles: entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. Thus, this essay will be based on Mintzberg’s management competency theory, then use two management competency models to compareRead MoreSituational Leadership in Hospitality1607 Words   |  7 PagesSituational Leadership in Hospitality If one look at the nature of the hospitality industry, it is serviced-base, it is labor-intensive, it is renowned for its high staff turnover and labor diversity in term of age, culture, and background; one may conclude that the industry is all about people. When people become the most valuable asset of an organization, simply managing them is no longer sufficient to compete in today’s challenging business world. Leadership has become the new key operative wordRead MoreLeadership And The Effects Of Globalization1625 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership and the Effects of Globalization Abdullah Aldahhan HSA 5150 There are several changing trends in the world today that will effect leadership and management. These trends revolve on the issue of globalization and the ever-expanding world. In a sense, the world is becoming smaller as it expands because of the advance in technology and the increasing uniformity in business and the inter-connecting economies of the world. Terry Hogan (2013) mentions that in the very shortRead MoreEssay on Emotional Intelligence in Leadership1548 Words   |  7 Pages The premise of emotional intelligence in leadership is that emotional intelligence should be the premise of leadership. Before tasks, followers, goals and styles can be defined or critiqued, the leader’s emotional intelligence must first be assessed (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2002, pg 5). Emotional intelligence then becomes the predictor of how effectively the leader will be able to lead in any given situation, set of tasks or followers. In this paper, the author will compare this premiseRead MoreTheories Of Leadership And Leadership Theories1234 Words   |  5 Pagesthat they lead. This case study aims to compare three of the more popular theories of leadership. These leadership theories are situational leadership, trait theory and transformational leadership. Summary of Theories Situational leadership, developed by professor Paul Hersey and author and consultant Ken Blanchard. Their approach was based off of a 1967 article by W.J. Reddin called The 3-D Management Style Theory. In his article, Reddin discusses the need to have different styles basedRead MoreLeadership Theories: Learning About Transformational Leadership and Authentic Leadership1470 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent leadership theories and approaches, I have developed a better understanding of the historical, political, social, cultural, psychological, and organizational contexts in which leadership occurs. I am knowledgeable on several ways to identify personnel who may be make for better leaders using the Trait Approach, Skills Approach, and Style Approach. I am also able to better match leaders with subordinates by using the Situational Approach, Contingency Theory, and Path-Goal Theory. FinallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Management Theory Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesconnectin g readings for a theory of management from the theories of management course with the readings for a theory of leadership from leadership assessment and development course in that they have combined into one; an institutional theory of leadership. This integration of the two in a natural combination does argue and support the connections of varying fundamental aspects of leadership with institutional theory. The paper will explore and explain an institutional theory of leadership and how it is supportedRead MoreSituational Leadership Theory1119 Words   |  5 PagesSituational Leadership Theory Since there is no special or one precise type of leader, numerous leadership styles and theories have surfaced. This is because a different situations require different type of leadership styles. In many occasions, leadership theories help to predict the best leadership style to employ in a particular situation. This essay seeks explain why situational leadership theory is useful and relevant in developing an effective leadership culture. It is this writers hope that

Engine powered by liquid hydrogen Free Essays

string(64) " force per unit area to be every bit high as for other methods\." Wide Range of Flammability: In comparing with all other fuels, Hydrogen has a really broad scope of flammability. Hence, Hydrogen can be combusted in an internal burning engine over a broad scope of fuel-air mixtures. One of the important advantages of this is that Hydrogen fuel can run a really thin mixture. We will write a custom essay sample on Engine powered by liquid hydrogen or any similar topic only for you Order Now A thin mixture is one in which the sum of fuel is less than the theoretical, stoichiometric or chemically ideal sum needed for burning with a given sum of air. This is why it is reasonably easy to acquire an engine to get down on H. In general, fuel economic system is greater and the burning reaction is more complete when a vehicle is run on a thin mixture. Besides, the concluding burning temperature is lower hence cut downing the sum of pollutants, such as N oxides, emitted in the fumes. However, there is a bound to how thin the engine can be run, as thin operation can significantly cut down the power end product due to a decrease in the volumetric heating value of the air/fuel mixture Low Ignition Energy: Ignition energy is the energy needed to light a fuel. Hydrogen has really low ignition energy. The sum of energy needed to light H is about one order of magnitude less than that required for gasolene. The feature of low Ignition energy enables hydrogen engines to light thin mixtures and besides ensures prompt ignition. Unfortunately, the low ignition energy besides carries the hazard that hot gases and hot musca volitanss on the cylinder can function as beginnings of ignition and hence making jobs such as premature ignition and flashback. Preventing the above mentioned jobs is one of the jobs associated with runing an engine on H. The broad flammability scope of H agencies that about any mixture can be ignited by a hot topographic point. Small Quenching Distance: Hydrogen has a little extinction distance, even smaller than that of gasolene. Hence, it ‘s more hard to slake a H fire than a gasolene fire. The inclination for blowback additions as a consequence of smaller extinction distance, since the fire from a hydrogen-air mixture more readily passes a about closed consumption valve, than a hydrocarbon-air fire. High Auto-Ignition Temperature: Hydrogen has a comparatively high auto-ignition temperature. This characteristic is of import because the hydrogen-air mixture has to be compressed and therefore plays an of import function in finding the compaction ratio that an engine can utilize, since the temperature rise during compaction is related to the compaction ratio. The temperature should non transcend the auto-ignition temperature, as this would do a premature ignition. Hence, the absolute concluding temperature controls the compaction ratio. The high car ignition temperature of H allows larger compaction ratios to be used in a H engine than in a hydrocarbon engine. On the other manus, H is hard to light in a compaction ignition or Diesel constellation, because the temperatures needed for those types of ignition are comparatively high. High Flame Speed Hydrogen has high fire velocity at stoichiometric ratios. Under these conditions, the H fire velocity is about an order of magnitude higher ( faster ) than that of gasolene. This means that H engines can more closely approach the thermodynamically ideal engine rhythm. At leaner mixtures, nevertheless, the fire speed decreases significantly. High Diffusivity Hydrogen has really high diffusivity. This ability to scatter in air is well greater than gasolene and is advantageous for two chief grounds. First, it facilitates the formation of a unvarying mixture of fuel and air. Second, if a H leak develops, the H disperses quickly. Therefore, insecure conditions can either be avoided or minimized. Low Density Hydrogen has really low denseness. This consequences in two jobs when used in an internal burning engine. First, a really big volume is necessary to hive away adequate H to give a vehicle an equal drive scope. Second, the energy denseness of a hydrogen-air mixture, and therefore the power end product, is reduced. Fuel Delivery Systems Hydrogen fuel bringing system can be broken down into three chief types: Cardinal injection ( or â€Å"carburetted† ) Port injection Direct injection Central and port fuel bringing systems injection forms the fuel-air mixture during the intake shot. In the instance of cardinal injection or a carburetor, the injection is at the recess of the air intake manifold. In the instance of port injection, it is injected at the recess port. Direct cylinder injection is more technologically sophisticated and involves organizing the fuel-air mixture inside the burning cylinder after the air consumption valve has closed. Cardinal Injection or Carburetted Systems: The simplest method of presenting fuel to a H engine is by manner of a carburetor or cardinal injection system. This system has advantages for a H engine. First, cardinal injection does non necessitate the H supply force per unit area to be every bit high as for other methods. You read "Engine powered by liquid hydrogen" in category "Essay examples" Second, cardinal injection or carburetors are used on gasolene engines, doing it easy to change over a standard gasolene engine to hydrogen or a gasoline/hydrogen engine. The disadvantage of cardinal injection is that it is more susceptible to irregular burning due to pre-ignition and back fire. The greater sum of hydrogen/air mixture within the consumption manifold compounds the effects of pre-ignition. Port Injection Systems The port injection fuel bringing system injects fuel straight into the consumption manifold at each consumption port, instead than pulling fuel in at a cardinal point. Typically, the H is injected into the manifold after the beginning of the consumption shot. At this point conditions are much less terrible and the chance for premature ignition is reduced. In port injection, the air is injected individually at the beginning of the consumption shot to thin the hot residuary gases and cool any hot musca volitanss. Since less gas ( H or air ) is in the manifold at any one clip, any pre-ignition is less terrible. The recess supply force per unit area for port injection tends to be higher than for carburetted or cardinal injection systems, but less than for direct injection systems. The changeless volume injection ( CVI ) system uses a mechanical cam-operated device to clip the injection of the H to each cylinder. The CVI block is shown on the far right of the exposure with four fuel lines go outing on left side of the block ( one fuel line for each cylinder ) . The electronic fuel injection ( EFI ) system meters the H to each cylinder. This system uses single electronic fuel injectors ( solenoid valves ) for each cylinder and pumped to a common fuel rail located down the Centre of the consumption manifold. Whereas the CVI system uses changeless injection timing and variable fuel rail force per unit area, the EFI system uses variable injection timing and changeless fuel rail force per unit area. Direct Injection Systems More sophisticated H engines use direct injection into the burning cylinder during the compaction shot. In direct injection, the consumption valve is closed when the fuel is injected, wholly avoiding premature ignition during the intake shot. Consequently the engine can non backlash into the consumption manifold. The power end product of a direct injected H engine is 20 % more than for a gasolene engine and 42 % more than a H engine utilizing a carburetor. While direct injection solves the job of pre-ignition in the consumption manifold, it does non needfully forestall pre ignition within the burning chamber. In add-on, due to the reduced commixture clip of the air and fuel in a direct injection engine, the air/fuel mixture can be non-homogenous. Surveies have suggested this can take to higher NOx emanations than the non-direct injection systems. Direct injection systems require a higher fuel rail force per unit area than the other. Thermal Dilution Pre-ignition conditions can be curbed utilizing thermic dilution techniques such as fumes gas recirculation ( EGR ) or H2O injection. As the name implies, an EGR system re-circulates a part of the fumes gases back into the consumption manifold. The debut of exhaust gases helps to cut down the temperature of hot musca volitanss, cut downing the possibility of pre-ignition. Additionally, re-circulating fumes gases cut down the peak burning temperature, which reduces NOx emanations. Typically a 25 to 30 % recirculation of fumes gas is effectual in extinguishing blowback. On the other manus, the power end product of the engine is reduced when utilizing EGR. The presence of exhaust gases reduces the sum of fuel mixture that can be drawn into the burning chamber. Another technique for thermally thining the fuel mixture is the injection of H2O. Injecting H2O into the H watercourse prior to blending with air has produced better consequences than shooting it into the hydrogen-air mixture within the consumption manifold. A possible job with this type of system is that H2O can acquire assorted with the oil, so care must be taken to guarantee that seals do non leak. Engine Design The most effectual agencies of commanding pre-ignition and knock is to re-design the engine for H usage, specifically the burning chamber and the chilling system. A discoid burning chamber ( with a level Piston and chamber ceiling ) can be used to cut down turbulency within the chamber. The disc form helps bring forth low radial and digressive speed constituents and does non magnify recess whirl during compaction. Since unburned hydrocarbons are non a concern in H engines, a big bore-to-stroke ratio can be used with this engine. To suit the wider scope of fire velocities that occur over a greater scope of equality ratios, two flicker stoppers are needed. The chilling system must be designed to supply unvarying flow to all locations that need chilling. Extra steps to diminish the chance of pre ignition are the usage of two little exhaust valves as opposed to a individual big one, and the development of an effectual scavenging system, that is, a agency of displacing exhaust gas from th e burning chamber with fresh air. Ignition Systems Due to hydrogen ‘s low ignition energy bound, lighting H is easy and gasoline ignition systems can be used. At really thin air/fuel ratios ( 130:1 to 180:1 ) the fire speed is reduced well and the usage of a double flicker stopper system is preferred. Ignition systems that use a waste flicker system should non be used for H engines. These systems energize the flicker each clip the Piston is at top dead Centre whether or non the Piston is on the compaction stroke or on its exhaust shot. For gasolene engines, waste flicker systems work good and are less expensive than other systems. For H engines, the waste flickers are a beginning of pre-ignition. Spark stopper for a H engine should hold a cold evaluation and have non-platinum tips. A cold-rated stopper is one that transfers heat from the stopper tip to the cylinder caput quicker than a hot-rated flicker stopper. This means the opportunities of the flicker stopper tip lighting the air/fuel charge is reduced. Hot rated spark stop pers are designed to keep a certain sum of heat so that C sedimentations do non roll up. Since H does non incorporate C, hot-rated flicker stoppers do non function a utile map. Platinum-tip flicker stopper should besides be avoided since Pt is a accelerator, doing H to oxidise with air. Crankcase Ventilation: Crankcase airing is even more of import for H engines than for gasolene engines. As with gasolene engines, un-burnt fuel can ooze by the Piston rings and enter the crankcase. Since H has a lower energy ignition bound than gasolene, any un-burnt H come ining the crankcase has a greater opportunity of lighting. Hydrogen should be prevented from roll uping through airing. Ignition within the crankcase can be merely a startling noise or consequence in engine fire. When H ignites within the crankcase, a sudden force per unit area rise occurs. To alleviate this force per unit area, a force per unit area alleviation valve must be installed on the valve screen. Exhaust gases can besides ooze by the Piston rings into the crankcase. Since H fumes is H2O vapor, H2O can distill in the crankcase when proper airing is non provided. The commixture of H2O into the crankcase oil reduces its lubrication ability, ensuing in a higher grade of engine wear. Emissions: The burning of H with O green goodss H2O as its lone merchandise: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O The burning of H with air nevertheless can besides bring forth oxides of N ( NOx ) : H2 + O2 + N2 = H2O + N2 + NOx The oxides of N are created due to the high temperatures generated within the burning chamber during burning. This high temperature causes some of the N in the air to unite with the O in the air. The sum of NOx formed depends on: The air/fuel ratio The engine compaction ratio The engine velocity The ignition timing Whether thermic dilution is utilised In add-on to oxides of N, hints of C monoxide and C dioxide can be present in the fumes gas, due to ooze oil combustion in the burning chamber. Depending on the status of the engine ( combustion of oil ) and the operating scheme used ( a rich versus thin air/fuel ratio ) , a H engine can bring forth from about zero emanations ( every bit low as a few ppm ) to high NOx and important C monoxide emanations. Power End product: The theoretical maximal power end product from a H engine depends on the air/fuel ratio and fuel injection method used. As mentioned in above, the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for H is 34:1. At this air/fuel ratio, H will displace 29 % of the burning chamber go forthing merely 71 % for the air. As a consequence, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasolene ( since gasolene is a liquid, it merely occupies a really little volume of the burning chamber, and therefore allows more air to enter ) . Since both the carburetted and larboard injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it come ining the burning chamber, these systems limit the maximal theoretical power gettable to about 85 % of that of gasolene engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the consumption valve has closed ( and therefore the burning chamber has 100 % air ) , the maximal end product of the engine can be about 15 % higher than that for gasolene engines. Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximal end product for a H engine can be either 15 % higher or 15 % less than that of gasolene if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. However, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the burning temperature is really high and as a consequence it will organize a big sum of N oxides ( NOx ) , which is a criteria pollutant. Since one of the grounds for utilizing H is low exhaust emanations, H engines are non usually designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Typically hydrogen engines are designed to utilize approximately twice every bit much air as theoretically required for complete burning. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of NOx is reduced to near nothing. Unfortunately, this besides reduces the power end product to about half that of a likewise sized gasolene engine. To do up for the power loss, H engines are normally larger than gasolene engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers. Hydrogen Gas Mixtures: Hydrogen can be used well in internal burning engines as an linear to a hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrogen is most normally assorted with high force per unit area natural gas for this intent since both gases can be stored in the same armored combat vehicle. If H is blended with other fuels, it normally has to be stored individually and assorted in the gaseous province instantly before ignition. In general, it is impractical to utilize H in concurrence with other fuels that besides require bulky storage systems, such as propane. Gaseous H can non be stored in the same vas as a liquid fuel. Hydrogen ‘s low denseness will do it to stay on top of the liquid and non blend. Furthermore, liquid fuels are stored at comparatively low force per unit areas so that really small H could be added to the vas. Liquid H can non be stored in the same vas as other fuels. Hydrogen ‘s low boiling point will stop dead other fuels ensuing in fuel â€Å"ice† . Hydrogen can be used in concurrence with compact liquid fuels such as gasolene, intoxicant or Diesel provided each are stored individually. In these applications, the fuel armored combat vehicles can be formed to suit into fresh infinites on the vehicle. Existing vehicles of this type tend to run utilizing one fuel or the other but non both at the same clip. One advantage of this scheme is that the vehicle can go on to run if H is unavailable. Hydrogen can non be used straight in a Diesel ( or â€Å"compression ignition† ) engine since H ‘s car ignition temperature is excessively high ( this is besides true of natural gas ) . Therefore, diesel engines must be outfitted with spark stoppers or utilize a little sum of Diesel fuel to light the gas ( known as pilot ignition ) . Although pilot ignition techniques have been developed for usage with natural gas, no 1 is presently making this with H. One commercially available gas mixture known as Hythane contains 20 % H and 80 % natural gas. At this ratio, no alterations are required to a natural gas engine, and surveies have shown that emanations are reduced by more than 20 % . Mixtures of more than 20 % H with natural gas can cut down emanations further but some engine alterations are required. Thin operation of any internal burning engine is advantageous in footings of oxides of nitrogen emanations and fuel economic system. For hydrocarbon engines, thin operation besides leads to take down emanations of C monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. As more O is available than required to burn the fuel, the extra O oxidizes more C monoxide into C dioxide, a less harmful emanation. The extra O besides helps to finish the burning, diminishing the sum of unburned hydrocarbons. As with H, the drawback of thin operation with hydrocarbon fuels is a decreased power end product. Thin operation of hydrocarbon engines has extra drawbacks. Thin mixtures are difficult to light, despite the mixture being above the LFL of the fuel. This consequence in dud, which increases unburned hydrocarbon emanations, reduces public presentation and wastes fuel. Another disadvantage is the decreased transition efficiency of 3-way catalytic convertors, ensuing in more harmful emanations. To some extent, blending H with other hydrocarbon fuels reduces all of these drawbacks. Hydrogen ‘s low ignition energy bound and high firing velocity makes the hydrogen/hydrocarbon mixture easier to light, cut downing dud and thereby bettering emanations, public presentation and fuel economic system. Sing power end product, H augments the mixture ‘s energy denseness at thin mixtures by increasing the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and thereby improves torsion at wide-open throttle conditions. Current Status: A few car makers have been making some work in the development of hydrogen-powered vehicles ( Ford has late announced that they have developed a â€Å"production ready† hydrogen-powered vehicle utilizing an ICE and BMW has completed a universe circuit exposing a twelve or so hydrogen-powered 750i vehicles ) . However, it is non likely that any hydrogen-powered vehicles will be available to the populace until there is an equal re-fuelling substructure and trained technicians to mend and keep these vehicles. Like current gasoline-powered vehicles, the design of each H powered vehicle will most likely vary from maker to maker and theoretical account to pattern. One theoretical account may be simple in design and operation, for illustration, a thin combustion fuel metering scheme utilizing no emanation control systems such as EGR, catalytic convertor, evaporate fuel case shot, etc. Another theoretical account may be really sophisticated in design and operation, for illustration, utilizing an EGR fuel metering scheme with a catalytic convertor, multiple flicker stoppers, etc. Until such clip that a H substructure exists, hydrogen/natural gas fuel blends provide a logical passage to to the full hydrogen-powered vehicles. These vehicles can run on either fuel, depending on handiness How to cite Engine powered by liquid hydrogen, Essay examples